Posts

Introduction In distributed systems and modern databases, maintaining data consistency is critical. This post introduces the concept of transactions, explains ACID properties, and dives into the Two-Phase Commit (2PC) protocol to ensure reliable distributed transactions. What is a Transaction? A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single unit of work. Transactions are designed to be atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable (ACID): Atomic: All operations succeed or none. Consistent: Database moves from one valid state to another. Isolated: Concurrent transactions don’t interfere. Durable: Changes are permanent once committed. Challenges in Distributed Systems Multiple databases or nodes can be involved. Partial failures can leave the system in an inconsistent state. Simple commit/rollback is not enough when operations span multiple systems. Two-Phase Commit (2PC) The Two-Phase Commit protocol solves these problems by coordinating distributed transactions in two phases: ...

Introduction Industrial automation is no longer just about relay panels and ladder diagrams. Modern systems combine PLCs, lightweight messaging protocols like MQTT, and Python services to build scalable, intelligent, and connected factories. In this post, we’ll explore from first principles: What a PLC actually does Why MQTT is ideal for industrial messaging How Python fits into the architecture A practical real-world system design 1. What is a PLC? A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a rugged industrial computer used to control machines and processes. ...

Introduction Networking feels abstract. We say: “The server responded” “The request timed out” “The connection dropped” But what actually happens? In this post, we’ll go from raw electrical signals to application-layer protocols, building understanding step by step: What is a packet? What is a protocol? How does TCP/IP actually work? What really happens when you open a website? Let’s build this from first principles. 1. What Is Networking? At its core, networking is: ...